The Fdi Policies Of Indian And China - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 6767 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Chapter à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1: Introduction 1.1. Overview Foreign Direct Investment is a hot topic in most policy circles as it is associated in many instances with significant macroeconomic changes and improvements in the range of goods and services produced in recipient countries. Furthermore growth in recipient countries is often ascribed to these inflows and so competition for higher inflows of FDI has become competitive. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Fdi Policies Of Indian And China" essay for you Create order Most of the developing and developed countries increase their economy by enhancing their share in the global market through FDI inflows. As FDI shows more impact on the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy, most of the foreigners are investing their amount in other countries for improving their profits with less manpower and minimum initial cost. These inflows were easily achieved by the investors by just fulfilling their basic requirements and maintaining their policies. FDI can be used by the countries only when they meet some of the major requirements like transfer of capital, a source of funds for foreign operations, Control investment and a balance of payments flow (Nicolas, B., 2010). Even though the FDI inflows in developing countries are low that is nearly 5%, this shows more impact on the economy in terms of the development programs by introducing new technologies. This change will be occurred only in the surroundings of investment areas. Here, in this research the FDI inflows between India and China are studied by comparing both the countries. Further of this study clearly explains the various aspects that are considered by the India and China for increasing the FDI inflows in the global market and also illustrates the policies that are followed by China as most of the investors prefer China when compare to the India. Finally, it recommends some of the policies and the changes that need to be made by the Indian Government for improving its FDI inflows. 1.2. Aim and Objectives Aim: To study the variations between the FDI policies of Indian and China based on their inflows and overall performance of the economy. Objectives: To study the importance of FDI and the required fundamental policies for acquiring the FDI. To research on the impact of FDI inflows in India and China based on their overall performance. Identifying the possible steps for Indian policy makers for improving their FDI inflows. Statistically evaluating the comparison between India and China in terms of FDI inflows. 1.3. Purpose of Study This study mainly focuses on the Foreign Direct Investment, the role of FDI in India and China and also illustrates the comparison between these two countries in terms of FDI. This research is selected in order to know more about the investments made by the developing countries and the involvement in international financial banking markets to influence the global and political aspects. This study is mostly useful for the people who are willing to know about the role played by FDI in the fast growing countries like India and China where these two countries differs in their environmental conditions. While researching about the FDI in both countries, one can easily analyze that China is showing more interest in attracting the FDI and is leading their economy when compare to India. So in order to clearly investigate on this point, this study also focuses on the aspects and the policies that need to be designed by the Indian country for attracting the investors and also to increase the ov erall performance of the economy by raising the inflows when compared to China. 1.4. Research Context In this study the researcher is focused on the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s largest two most populated countries: India and China with a greatest history background. These two countries are known to be fast growing countries in the world and are known for their ample facilities and environmental conditions. These two countries are economically improving their standards in terms of technology and infrastructural growth. However, China is considered to be more positive in terms of attracting FDIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and are almost leading the comparison with India. In this research the time is a biggest constrain and to understand the research physically is really a tough target for the researcher by visiting both countries to meet and interview/ survey the financial organizations experts from various locations. However it is also noticed that in India only the FDI policies are changing from place to place based on the local governments rules and regulations. All the major rules and regulati ons governed by RBI and Government of India are applicable, addition to that the investing company also needs to ensure that the environmental and ethical issues are not disturbed by the foreign investors in local and urban areas of various parts of India. As an example, there are some pilgrim places of India which does not allow non à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" vegetarian food or related items so in that circumstance neither Government of India or RBI cannot allow the foreigners to invest their amount for a restaurant or bar and etc. Similarly in China it is one of the largest countries in the world and is having different cultures and backgrounds with in the country. Hence from the above context it is understood that this research will mainly focus on the secondary data available and in some areas it can get into the help of people related to the financial and banking industry. 1.5. Research Methodology For conducting any type of research, the data needs to be gathered by the researcher where this collected information should be in such a way that it is valid and accurate. Researcher need to choose a suitable method from various research methods, by which the researcher can successfully finish the research. Generally there exist two different types, primary data and secondary data. Primary data mainly focus on the aim of the research where the researcher can easily collects the information from various methods like surveys, interviews, etc. Where as in the secondary data, the researcher can collect the data only from the sources like journals, books, magazines, online articles, etc. where the researcher need to collect the accurate data as these recourses will not focus on the aim of research (Kumar, R., 2005). Here in this research, researcher collects the information through secondary data as the main aim of this research is to compare the FDI inflows in both India and China. As t he time is the biggest constrain, it will be really tough target for the researcher to select the primary data as the researcher either need to do interview /survey with the concern persons by visiting two countries where it cannot be possible with the period of time. So, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s better to prefer secondary data for gathering accurate information for the research by referring various resources. Hence, the research can be successfully completed by analyzing the collected information and drawing the conclusion from this data. Chapter à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2: Literature review 2.1. Overview This chapter will provide the suitable information and required material for completing research successfully with no issues during the research process. At the same time the literature review gives a basic idea about the research problem solving background with additional material from their related background history. The growth of multinational enterprise (MNE) activity in foreign direct investment (FDI) has grown at a faster rate than most other international transactions as well as the trade flows between countries. The research literature review covers the objects related to foreign direct investment, detailed introduction and description of FDI and impacts of FDI. International Monetary Fund (IMF) has defined the FDI as an international investment of one company with the target of enduring relationship i.e. Investments made by company must exceed the equity of Target Company by 10%. The major requirements of the investors will help in faster growth of their organization which is explained by Nicolas, B. (2010) in terms of Control investments, supply of funds for foreign operations, a balance of payments flow and Capital transfers. 2.2. Brief History and background of Foreign Direct Investment In the present world, there exist various investment techniques for the corporations for increasing their growth. If these industries lacks in making right decisions in their investment then it may lead to reduce their growth and their level in the global market. So, many of the countries prefer Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) compare to other techniques because most of the corporations get affected financially due to their investment decisions. Mostly FDI is preferred as it is considered as an integral part of an open and effective international economic system and also referred as the major catalyst to development (OECD, 2002). In the present market, USA stood a number one position in FDI flows. According to Nicolas Breitfeld (2010, p.1), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is defined by the IMF as an international investment of one company with the intention of lasting relationshipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays an important role in the financial se ctor. Generally most of the countries believe that increasing the international linkages through FDI is an important feature of financial globalization and elevates the major challenges for statistics and policymakers in industrial and developing countries (Neil, K. P., 2004). Further of this section, it clearly discusses the views of authors on FDI, the importance of FDI and mainly focuses on the issues that are being faced by the countries while introducing the FDI. Even-though authors define Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in different ways based on their research it is mainly mend to development on countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and globalization. Some of the authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s views on FDI are discussed below: According to Organization for Economic Co-Operation and development (OECD) (2008, p.62), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) occurs when a business located in one country (the direct investor) invests in a business located in another country (the direct investment enterprise) with the objective of creating a strategic and a lasting relationshipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Here, the author suggests that occurrence of FDI exists only when the business persons invests their money in another country. They invest their income in another country by making some rules and regulations in their relationship. But according to Alexander, L. and IMFD, (2002), foreign direct investment defined as the integration of three components which are illustrated below: The branch profits need to be distributed and divided in equity without any holding withholding taxes. Accrued interest need to be paid to the direct investor by the direct investment enterprise, this can also be referred as income on debt. Earnings are reinvested in proportion with the direct investment stake. In this context, author says that the investment and the interest benefited by the business people need to be redistributed in an equal proportion among the investor and the direct investment enterprise. At the same time, Neil, K. P. (2004, p.3), discusses that according to BPM5 (Balance of Payments Manual) FDI defined à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“as a category of international investment that reflects the objective of a resident in one economy (the direct investor) obtaining a lasting interest in an enterprise resident in another economy (the direct investment enterprise)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?.   Here, the author discuss that FDI indirectly affects the economy of another country as the other country invest their income on another country for gaining interest on their investment. Even though the opinions and views of the authors differs in defining the FDI but all the authors focus on only one point that is the benefit dragged by the investor and the direct investment enterprise. These investors of get benefited globally with FDI on the interest on their investment and also increases their international linkages with the industries established in another country.    2.3. Impacts of FDI Foreign Direct Investment is considered as a driver of economic growth and development for developing countries which often lack the technology or capital to promote sustained economic growth and development. Mostly, FDI is considered as one of the major drivers of globalization as it continuously raises with the high growth rates before the financial crisis hit the world economy. The way through which FDI promotes economic growth and development to the countries is contentious because there is no definitive evidence and lags in supporting the literature. Even though there is no empirical evidence in representing the impact of FDI on the countries there are some theoretical explanations from which one can easily analyse the impacts of FDI on developed and developing countries. According to Bora, B. (2002, p.168), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“FDI flows were increasing rapidly much more quickly than international trade flows, which in turn were increasing faster than world GDPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Laura Al faro (2003) says that FDI offers great advantages to host countries because many of the academics and policy makers argue that there exists a most important positive effect on the development of host countries. FDI not only acts as the source of the valuable technology but also helps the countries in developing the linkages with the local firms that indirectly helps the country in raising the economy. Due to these reasons, most of the developing and industrialized countries offer incentive for encouraging the FDI in their economies. The environmental impacts of foreign direct investment may be positive, negative or neutral based on the institutional and industrial context. Gorg and Greenwood (2002) comes under a conclusion that the effect due to FDI is negative by reviewing the information from the foreign-owned to domestically owned firms. But Lipsey (2002) supports the positive benefits in preferring FDI. FDI flows attained a new record level right from the year 1990 to 2000. Then , from the year 2001 the growth in the investment failed and the later years it saw a steady and steep decline in global FDI flows. , Figure: Shows trends in global FDI flows during the year 1991 to 2003 (FDI, 2007, p.7). FDI affects the economic growth of the country in various aspects like it raises the formation of human capital, provides a facility to transfer the technology between the host countries and also stimulates the domestic investment. The relationship between the impact of FDI and economic growth can be easily analyzed with the help of production function and also with the other variables that affect economic growth such as domestic, trade, labour and capital (Falki, N. 2009). Production function was done based on the endogenous growth. According to Kumar, N. (1998, p.112), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Direct investment was thought of mainly as a flow of capital, possibly replacing local capital or possibly representing marginal additions to the host countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capital stock, followed by the necessity of financing dividends and interest, and possibly repatriation of capitalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Some of the authors studied on the impact of FDI on economic growth in developing countries where those opinions are illustrated below: Authors views on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Does FDI promote Economic Growth in developing countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ S.No. Authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name Researched during the year Does FDI promote Economic Growth in developing countries (Yes/No/May be) Explanation 1. Balasubramanyam 1996, 1999 May be Requires open or neutral trade regime 2. Borensztein 1998 May be Depends on education level of workforce 3. De Mello 1999 May be Depends on degree of complementarily and substitution between FDI and domestic investment 4. Graham and Wada 2001 Yes Raised per capita GDP in Chinese provinces with FDI concentration 5. Graham 1995 May be TNCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s market power can generate negative impacts 6. Loungani and Razin 2001 May be Risks 7. Lim 2001 May be Depends on tax incentives, regulatory and legal impediments, macroeconomic instability 8. Marino 2000 May be Requires open trade and investment policies 9. Mallampallyand Sauvant 1999 May be Requires human resource development, information and other infrastructure 10. Markusen and Venables 1999 Yes Raises productivity and exports of domestic firms, generates spillovers 11. Rodrik 1999 No Reverse causality: TNCs locate, rather than drive growth, in more productive and faster growing countries Table: Shows the authors explanation on Does FDI Promote Economic Growth in developing Countriesthis is a question? (LyubaZarsky, 2005, p.25) From the above table, it can be understood that out of 11 authors, only 2 authors support that FDI promotes economic growth in the developing countries as they explain that it raises the productivity, exports of domestic firms and stated a practical example that it raised the percapita GDP of china government with the help of FDI. Rodrik, opposed the views of the other authors on supporting the FDI as based on their research. From Rodrik research, it has been stated that it doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t shown impact rather it was derived as a reverse causality. Apart from these three authors, the remaining 8 authors were in a dynamo whether to support the FDI or not because all these authors states that the impact on FDI on economic growth depends only on the circumstances that the author considers but not on any other aspects. For example: FDI shows more impact on economic growth only when the government fulfil some basic needs such as require open trade, investment policies, human resou rce development, information, other infrastructure, etc. If these requirements are fulfilled by the government then automatically it get benefited with the FDI but if it fails in reaching those needs then it may face some risks due to the policies and the agreement between the countries. Hence, it can be stated that impacts of FDI directly depends on the situations and circumstances that are being considered by the government. By tightening of international financial conditions will have as awful effect on inflows of FDI. In the recent years, this has been main source of assets for many countries (U. N. Staff. 2009).FDI shows more effect on the economic growth of the countries as it provides various benefits to the countries that acquire FDI are illustrated below (Khan Arshad, 2007): Introduces the latest techniques and technologies of marketing and management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" with the help of FDI, the developing countries can know more about the latest techniques and the technologies that are being used by the developed countries. By acquiring and implementing these latest technologies in the developing countries, to some extent it can increase its growth in terms of economy. Exploitation and utilization of local raw materials à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" usage of raw materials in the countries will be increased by exporting these excess materials to other countries and get benefited with them by importing other raw materials from other country which are shortage in their countries. Can be easily access to the new technologies as there will be a rapid flow between the countries, each of the country can know more easily about the other country and their religion. Based on this analysis, it can assess and access the technologies in their own region by making contract with the other countries. Financial flows between the countries Foreign inflows between the countries are used for financing current account deficits. The finance flows between the countries are transferred in the form of FDI where it doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t generate interests and repayment of principal but internally raises the human capital stock through job training. Chapter à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 3: Empirical Literature on FDI based on INDIA and CHINA 3.1. Effects of FDI on all other countries when compared with India and china The existence of a strong negative relationship between trade share and country size was supported by the literature on trade and development. Country size and trade ratio are inversely proportional in size (larger the size of the country smaller is the trade ratio), the foreign trade, investment, and technology transfer between countries will directly affect the degree of sincerity and competitive pressures emanating from abroad (Pieter, B. 2007). Thus, the impact of these competitive pressures would be much less in a large country such as China and India than that among other East Asian NICs. In recent years china had recognized its need towards foreign trade, investment and technology with the aim of modernization, nothing like the Third World developing countries (India) that impoverished foreign capital. 1984-85 1994-95 1999-2000 2004-05 2006 2007 World 2.2 4.8 18.3 9.0 12.9 14.8 Developed economies 2.1 3.9 19.1 7.7 12.80 15.6 Developing economies 2.8 8.1 15.8 11.9 12.5 12.6 Developing Asia 2.3 7.9 12.1 9.9 11.0 10.6 East Asia 1.9 9.0 14.8 9.3 8.7 8.6 China 1.8 15.9 10.4 7.7 6.4 5.9 South Asia 0.2 1.7 2.4 3.3 6.2 5.7 India 0.1 1.7 2.7 3.1 6.6 5.8 Table à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2: shows FDI inflow as percentage of gross domestic fixed capital formation (GDFCF), 1944 -2007. (Source: Prema, C. A. 2009, p.379) The average annual level of FDI inflow for developing Asia had raced sharply from US$ 19 billion during 1984 1985 to US$ 500 billion till 2007, at the same time share to developing countries have raised from 15.1 to 17.4 percent which is shown in the above table. The gross domestic fixed capital (GDFCF) as a share of FDI inflow is higher for all the developing countries in the period 1984 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1996 and reversal due to the Asian financial crisis during 1997 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 98. FDI inflow for developing Asia with the average FDI/GDFCF ratio during entire period 1984 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2007 is approximately 9 percent and 7.1 per cent when compared with all the developing countries at the same time the global average is 7.4 per cent. China is the recipient country of inward flow and the largest developing country from past two decades where it has been investigated a theoretical increase in inflow with in developing Asia. Among all the countries china was in the second position for total FDI flow as per the ASEAN countries, with increased average annual level of US$ 3 billion during 2000-2007, and from the year 1980 to 1997 almost before six years china was in the second half with US$ 30 billion which was the onset effect of financial crises from 1997-98, due to decline and with determination from about US$ 35 billion per annum before the year 1997 to an annual average of about US$ 24 billion between 1997à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"79. Establishment of export-oriented industries is heavily concentrated by chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s FDI, there observation on the share of FIEs for total exports in transition economies of china is two percent of expended persistently before 1980 and approximately 60 percent by the year 2006. India process to increases FDI participation in export- oriented activities which had remained at a outlier region of FDI whose one/third FDI during the independence in 1947 was a major amount of stock as a primary sector with plantation, mi ning and oil at the same time one/forth was the manufacturing and all the remaining stocks are in services, mostly trade, construction, transportation and utilities. The inflow started increasing in manufacturing from 1960s although with a divestment from this sector of FDI, since, low-wages, low skilled manpower are the Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s huge supply it can attract garments and other simple assembly activities which would indirectly favor the heavy foreign investment industry thus primarily focusing towards domestic market. From mid 1990s a slight increase in software is observed as well as significant competition with the world market at industrial production was not notable (Park, J. H. 2002).some of the difficulties which are to be faced and over come for fast development of the country . India faced many difficulties to attract foreign investors in both products and services market now it is only success to service industry of IT mainly. In order to overcome these difficu lties to stimulate domestic demand this is given in three steps: The interest rates should be competitive in RBI. Value added tax (VAT) are to be implemented. Reduce the budget deficit through government. Figure: shows the financial states of India and china GDP the total chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial assets is approximately 220 per cent of GDP at the same time Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial assets is 160 per cent, countries savings and investment is the great strength for chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial system and Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial system is outside occur in savings and investments (Sources: Slide share 2008, slide No:18). 3.2. Fundamental policies of FDI India followed market-distorting policies on both foreign and private investments thus with this estimation about barriers for imports and exports are analyzed. Thus it become necessary to control the production and distribution as well as administered price controls etc. The impacts of opening up policies are likely to open up with foreign trade, investment and technology transfer, which would be much less in large countries of china and India when compared with all other East Asian NICs. Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s opening policies in recent years is the success story with the favorable impact is not only for small economies but also for all large continental economies. China and India may not suffer from a large country constriction for adopting the export-oriented, outward-looking development strategy considerably (Park, J. H. 2002). The reformist policy is to fill the domestic savings gap which is necessary for economic development with foreign capital inflows, along with other goa ls in advanced foreign technology and managerial skills, and to promote exports to increase the foreign exchange earnings of the country. Due to open-door policy Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trade and inflow of foreign direct investment and loans are impressive, thus within a very short time china became a major exporting country, and an export competitor with the East Asian NICs (Newly Industrializing Countries) and ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries in the Asia Pacific region. The opening policies in china have contributed to the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic growth and development considering all domestic economic events. The Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic reforms undertaken in 1991 in light of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experience with the export-oriented, foreign direct investment strategy for economic growth and development which has been examined with superiority of exportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"oriented, outward-looking development strategies. Thus China c an provide important lessons and policy implications in economic development for all Third World developing countries like India. The success story of china open to worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy made it ideal for studying the relationship between trade and development as well as for testing the validity of export-promoting development strategy. 3.3. Historical Background and National Goals 3.3.1. History of FDI in India The generational explanation of history is given as follows after Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s independence: during 1947 to 48 there was the British owned the private foreign capital through the national policies resolution which is Swadeshi movement Industrial policy. In the next generation i.e. from 1949 to 1953 foreign investments where far away from trio of domestic business house with foreign capital as well as with the government nationalist sentiments. The second Economic plan was launched in 1957 as industrialization through import substitution and encouraging private investment. Some of the selected industries got foreign collaboration and JV mostly manufacturing companies which are retained participation in Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ FDI since 1960s, the devaluation of rupee encouraged the socialist idealism banks and foreign oil majors nationalized after late 1960s. After almost 8 years in 1968 the foreign investment board had encouraging investments on there own terms and cond uction. In the year 1973as per the Foreign Exchange Act (FERA) which launched a new article that all firms should come together for their foreign equity, holding 40% of foreign equity to be considered as Indian companies due to which IBM as well as coca cola is exited. After seven years of strict vigilance on FDI, from the year 1980 licensing procedures were liberalized to softened, technology transfer and royalty payments relaxed, foreign investment was encouraged wherever possible. During 1900-s rupee value got down, withdrawal of NRI money, India turned to IMF; there was liberalization on trade regime and regulatory frame work. Many of the industries were invited by FDI and in some cases limit was increased from 51% to 100%. The service sector was again opened for FDI. The political instability after 1995 had started but a perception towards FDI had changed due to changes in government kept focus on FDI. 3.3.2. History of FDI in China China has joined the joint venture with other countries in the year1979, and by the year 1986 china became fully foreign owned enterprise. It was divided into four zones namely Shantou, Shenzhen, and Xiamen in the year 1980. After four years in 1984 it was found that chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic zone has fourteen cities and whole china combined by late 1900à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. There was a rapid economic growth in reform period due to profusion of labour and its low costs, Rapid expansion of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s domestic market at the same time plays important role of overseas Chinese for increasing integration with world economy. The marketing effects are generally obtained by imports and exports in both bilateral countries. FDI is very essential for developing countries for Off setting the capital deficiency, Acquiring advanced technology, Gaining production know-how, Promoting exports as well as to Table à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2: shows FDI in India-China products Trade (in million US Dollars). (Source: Prema, C. A. 2009, p.379) The two highest population countries of the world are India and China which together contain approximately 40 per cent of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s humidity on an adjacent landmass in Asia. Both countries are pride in birthplace of civilization entering the era of sharing worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s greatest development problem. The underdeveloped areas of these two countries is due to huge population relative to land and other resources, around 1950à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s there was no commitment to national planning for economic modernization as there was new governments of China and India, led by Mao Zedong and Jawaharlal Nehru so as to eliminate poverty and raise the standard of living (Park, J. H. 2002). Approaches to Development: Some of the important characteristics shared within India and China as the wealth of people relative to other rare resources such as arable land, natural resources, and capital suggesting the appropriate strategies for development would have involved production of labor-intensive goods. Among these some are exchanged for imports of capital goods and technology as per the necessity for development. For economic development and modernization India and China turned away from open-door strategies to integrate their economies into an international economy. Thus, both countries are turned away from export-oriented, outward-looking strategies and from integration into the world economy, now they are opened to outside world as force from western arms. At the same time both countries followed autarkic trade policies with a barrage of trade and exchange controls, which effectively cut off any link between domestic and international markets based upon import-substitut ing industrialization strategy as a promotion of heavy industries, and also scientifically categorize in opposition to agriculture by taxing it directly or indirectly finance industrialization. China, Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic planning where carried out under a parliamentary democratic organization to attain individual freedoms and for the market system to ensure economic decision-making all over the country, with all development policies planning for area with centralized government controls of a Soviet-type system are to be carried out. As Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first 5-year of development plan was implemented in the year 1952, nationalization and land reform had recipe into effective tools for resource with mobilization and allocation. As they say year 1950 was the beginning of development race between India and china with similarity in their size, historical background, in their economic structure, status, similar national goals and aspirations for raising living stand ards with economic modernization and development: even though both countries have vast difference in their ideologies, in the government institutions and great approaches to implementing developmental policies and plans. Which it seems as if a insertion of races in major part of government officials, schools, citizens as well as in all the interested areas obtaining an outcome of the race as implementation of far-reaching. Economic Performance: The mobilizing domestic resources for economic development where performing well during 1950à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. It was possible to raise per capita income and living standards even in these populous countries after a big push argument for development working in reality to achieve demon- started in practice. Table à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1: Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s: major economic industries. (Source: Park, J. H. 2002 p.75) India and China are hindered by statistical problems of estimating the relative comparison of economic performance for Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s national output and population, while Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s data are believed to be more protected. After a number of researchers it is agreed that until the 1970s China grew faster than India. With all the mobilizing resources and channeling the investment activities will affect the promoted artificially, selected and well protected for attaining social and political processes that emerge gradually over time (Park, J. H. 2002). The Origins of Economic Reform: The two largest populated countries India and china where called as two Asian giants, but at the end of 1970s, it was clear that the winner of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the developmental raceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is neither India nor China, race ended with a dark horses as the race in two Asian giants was soon lost, with the developmental strategies of four little East Asian tigers and became the focus of universal attention, at that movement the economic achievements by the East Asian NICs where extraordinary and historic, and their success has been appropriately coined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the East Asian miracle.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? China and India, realized that their economies were under-performing, facing a number of problems of bitter with their own leadership, casting a shadow of policy instability and uncertainty. Due to disorder of Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) disruption to economic development had increased the genuineness and sensitivity of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s e conomic to overcome underperformance, at that movement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a sense of political crisis and disillusionment with the established political framework that made radical economic reform possibleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Pieter, B. 2007, p.69) heightened the confidence for success with the cooperation of Chinese-based economies of Hong Kong and Taiwan than the success of Japan and Korea, the Politburo for Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s new economic policy of opening up to the outside world with a winning support is achieved at the end of 1978. The Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic reforms achieved a full swing in 1984 with a increase of output at approximately about 9 percent per year on average and per capita income more than doubled in a short time span with great confidence and struggle, with the success story of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s open-door policy the economic reforms increased heaviness for the reform in India. The average annual growth rates of real GNP of India had not more than 4 per cent for first 3 decades after independence and started growing economic performance during the period of 1960 to 1990 with a per capita GDP growth rate of 7 per cent approximately in the East Asian NIC, at the same time 5 percent of chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and only 2 per cent for India which was one of the lowest among all Asian development banks. 3.4. GROWTH PERFORMANCE BETWEEN INDIA AND CHINA Figure: shows the growth rate of FDI comparison. (Sources: Slide share 2008, slide No: 24) India and china will face a tie position in trade and investment for the benefit of both countries together. Over last 10 years India had improved its performance as outlook of chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experience and sustained high growth for further opening of its economy externally and internally, with a bilateral approach at high national investment rate and stronger labor analysis in the modern sectors with a narrow high end manufacturing. The most important source of agricultural performance in India has huge rural poverty in many parts of the nation. At the same time china lag due to its great source of economic strength, a dynamic and relatively highly developed private corporate sector which are more effectively for national development. The junction of india and china in growth model seems to be similar and partially indicated. India and china had assumed limited economic reforms with same low capita income since 1970s. Some of the most important factors affecting the econom ic performance are given below: Initially there was a high growth in china (Pieter, B. 2007, p.123) Education (literacy) and health standards were considerably higher. China was having superior infrastructure. Market distortions in China were more severe than in India that unpredictably, means their correction offered greater potential for growth. India China GDP total 5.3 9.4 GDP per work 3.2 7.7 GDP per capital 3.3 8.1 Table à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 5: shows the Compound Annual Growth Rates in % p.a. 1978à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"2003. (Source: Pieter, B. 2007, p.133) The above table tells the GDP flow of India is changeable with a great potential and support where as China was emerging from the horrors to generate quick and large income gain for economic development. From 1970s china was capitalized on people readiness with initial market reforms focused on the rural economy for generating quick and large income gain for farmers who are the huge population, this lead to additional reforms to the entire economy thus establishing the economy to foreign investment and trade. During 1980s political apparatus and administrative have started concentrating on economic development, which is very difficult for India without the co-operation of major political parties, thus it can be observed form the statistical data shown below. Figure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1: shows the Gross capital formation in % of GDP. (Source: Pieter, B. 2007, p.137) Figure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2: shows the statistical data of global GDP. (Source: Source: Pieter, B. 2007, p.136) This statistical figure gives the relative comparative estimation of all global GDP from early 1820s to next three decades of 2025s wherein one can observe a gradual flow rice since 1970s-2025 with almost 20 per cent of growth is aimed by china and India to be in the competitive position with all global countries. In mid-1980s restriction on domestic private enterprise was removed by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi from economic reforms sponsored with a primary focus on private enterprise and start foreign trade and investments since 1990s.india started portfolio investment long before chins but ,growth was less and unable to generate benefits due to large population than china . Even though there is a rapid growth in Indian economy with a fluctuation thought on commitment of market reforms. The difference between domestic and international competition and promoted market integration more aggressively and scientifically same as in India is eliminated expecting financial sector with a confident market forces in china, at the same time India largely resisted the open domestic distribution relating to foreign companies in china and proposed a process of collecting tariffs on the manufactured goods which is shown in table below. Simple Average Tariff (%) Weighted Average Tariff (%) 1985 2005 1985 2005 India 101.9 17.7 99.4 12.6 China 41.9 9.5 33.2 5.8 Table à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 6: shows the Import Tariffs on Manufactured Goods. (Source: Pieter, B. 2007, p.133) 5. The participation of women in economic growth is more in china than in India at the same time the inequality sexes was much more in India than in china .the table below shows the comparative information between India and china, with all the related social information. Table à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 6: comparative indications of some social activate. (Sources: Pieter, B. 2007, p.133) The household saving rate of India had risen that is almost higher than china with at most 5 per cent difference and a decline in its national saving rate. Difference in growth performance within natural investment rates is considered to have less important. From the table below one can know the sheer volume around 2005 with a fixed capital of china was 10 times more steel and 8 times more cement than that of India. Table à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 7: Statistics on Steel and Cement in India and China (million m. t.) (Sources: Pieter, B. 2007, p.133) 7. The major part of FDI inflow facilitated the reform policies of flexible labour laws, pro-investment incentive framework in china, with this more than 10 times of Indian FDI has china absorbed foreign technologies, management experience and marketing skills in a rapid sense with much larger scale than India as well as productivity growth in industrial sector is probably more larger than Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s inflexible labour laws which is seen in the table below Table à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 8: Share in Global Manufacturing Value Added and Exports (Sources: Pieter, B. 2007, p.134) The foreign and domestic private investment as well as employment growth in the formal economy is in very low position during 1980 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2003, thus tells the part investment rate of the country. 8. China maintained the basic infrastructure on investments in all areas more before than India with large share of investable resources. 9. China explain about the greater à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"development-effectivenessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which is measured by measured by the World Bank and given in the table below Table à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 9: World Bank Governance Ranking of India and China in Survey for 209 Countries (2004). (Sources: Pieter, B. 2007, p.135) Since 1980s chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s per capita income grew faster than in India simultaneously on every dollar of GDP even with huge rate of population, at the same time with the low fertility rate it will begin to experience aging in labor force much earlier than in India. Government regulation when effecting India will restrict product market reforming in order to over come different situations such as: political issues of selection of areas like retailing, news media and defence are not deregulated politically: There are different types of products in different sizes especially in clothing and textiles which are approximately 830 products which still cannot receive FDI and canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t even expand: Some of the market-harder for local companies for new innovations and be efficient towards the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy even with local supply chain remains inefficient and unexposed to the worldwide market skills and talent which may lead to loss of consumers income in whole economy as a general assumption to be considered liberalization of automotive industry and air line industry. The market restrictions is lacking because there is no definite infrastructure. For the competitive effect the lack of infrastructure is the biggest diffic ulty for growth, the physical infrastructure is controlled in a state but regional differences concentrating FDI for some specific regions only. With the implementation of some reforms inefficient will lead to regional parties with a political instability in state as well as central government making development projects. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“electricity shortageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? infrastructure is based on electricity act 2003 amid to provide the electricity continuously and only eight states implement this act as low cost businesses. The structure of FDI will attract upgraded telecommunication highways and ports with power, railways, water and swage still major areas to be considered (Slide share 2008).

Women and the Workplace Pregnancy Discrimination in the...

Women and the workplace: Pregnancy Discrimination in the United States I. Abstract With an increasing number of women entering the workforce, pregnancy discrimination has become a pervasive problem. This paper, which focuses on the United States (US), thus considers the underlying reasons and impacts of this biasness from the perspectives of both employee and employer. It then follows with a study on the legal protections in place to prevent such behaviour. And lastly, it will analyse various ethical issues involved in this unequal treatment of pregnant employees in the workplace using ethical frameworks such as Utilitarianism theory, Kantian Ethics and John Rawls’ Justice as Fairness. These ethical frameworks will help highlight†¦show more content†¦In fact, a study in the US showed that given identical credentials and interview performance of two individuals, the evidently pregnant applicant would be rated lower compared to a non-pregnant applicant. The negative mind-set of employers on pregnant employees plays an important role in causing discrimination. Women’s performance ratings were seen to decline after being pregnant, from â€Å"superb† to â€Å"terrible† as shared by one victim of pregnancy discrimination. This is because they are perceived as â€Å"overly emotional, often irrational, physically limited, and less than committed to their jobs† as compared to their non-pregnant woman counterparts and are hence â€Å"less valuable and dependable.† There is also the problem of additional workload for remaining staff or the potential need to hire temporary staff to tide over the maternity leave period. To compound the issue, employers suffer uncertainty as to when the employee will return to work, or worse, the employee leaves for good after their maternity leave period. In fact, a study done shows that only 60% of women go back to work within two years of their maternity leave. It is hence unavoidable that employers, being cost sensitive, worry that all the extra cost incurred will ultimately become a meaningless loss if their pregnant employees do not return to work. This is especially dreadful for small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) with a very small staff size. The absence of oneShow MoreRelatedWomen and the Workplace: Pregnancy Discrimination in the United States3082 Words   |  13 PagesWomen and the workplace: Pregnancy Discrimination in the United States I. Abstract With an increasing number of women entering the workforce, pregnancy discrimination has become a pervasive problem. This paper, which focuses on the United States (US), thus considers the underlying reasons and impacts of this biasness from the perspectives of both employee and employer. It then follows with a study on the legal protections in place to prevent such behaviour. 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One particular challenge women face is the fundamental right to have a family, which includes the Pregnancy Discrimination Act. Managers in every organization should be familiar with this important act and the associated legal issues. In this paper, I will discuss the Pregnancy Discrimination Act by reviewing the historyRead MoreEqual Employment Opportunity and Employee Rights Review Paper1352 Words   |  6 Pagesemployment. To prohibit discrimination, the United States has governed laws that protect the citizens from all types of discriminations. This allows organizations to focus on promoting employment based on a person’s abilities. The two laws chosen for review are the Pregnancy Act of 1978 and Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. We will also discuss Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988. Provide a General summary of each Law The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, was Women and the Workplace Pregnancy Discrimination in the... Women and the workplace: Pregnancy Discrimination in the United States I. Abstract With an increasing number of women entering the workforce, pregnancy discrimination has become a pervasive problem. This paper, which focuses on the United States (US), thus considers the underlying reasons and impacts of this biasness from the perspectives of both employee and employer. It then follows with a study on the legal protections in place to prevent such behaviour. And lastly, it will analyse various ethical issues involved in this unequal treatment of pregnant employees in the workplace using ethical frameworks such as Utilitarianism theory, Kantian Ethics and John Rawls’ Justice as Fairness. These ethical frameworks will help highlight†¦show more content†¦Should they be able to prove that the same action was to be taken immaterial of the pregnancy, it is not illegal. Furthermore, because of the legal fees involved, despite the numerous pregnancy discrimination cases published yearly, many cases have gone undetected, especially among low-wage workers. The Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) is another legal protection against pregnancy discrimination. Under FMLA, eligible employees are entitled up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave due to reasons such as the inability to work due to pregnancy, labour or childcare after birth. By legalizing reasonable unpaid leave for family or medical reasons, it aimed to promote the family-work life balance and gender equality in the workplace. Nevertheless, these laws work under the assumption that every pregnant woman will have the consistent ability to perform tasks like before. The PDA promotes equality in the workplace for these women based on merits, but fails to consider many cases where the temporary physical inabilities due to pregnancy hinder their full capacity to perform their roles in the same way. While the Americans with Disabilities Act ensures the workplace provides reasonable accommodation for any disabilities caused by pregnancy, most effects of pregnancy are minimal and hardly fall into its definition of disabilities. Laws are therefore needed to assist those with partial inabilities due to pregnancyShow MoreRelatedWomen and the Workplace: Pregnancy Discrimination in the United States3082 Words   |  13 PagesWomen and the workplace: Pregnancy Discrimination in the United States I. Abstract With an increasing number of women entering the workforce, pregnancy discrimination has become a pervasive problem. 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Marx s Manifesto Of The Communist Party Essay - 2332 Words

Karl Marx was a philosopher, economist and a socialist. He grew up in a middle class family in Germany. He is one of the most important people in the history mostly due to his ideas that people refer to as Marxism, which includes many essays and theories about politics and economics. His most famous work is called Manifesto of the Communist party. In this manuscript, along with his friend Friedrich Engels, he states that the best way for a society to develop is through a revolution and struggle in which the working class will rise against the bourgeoisie or the ruling class. They both believed that the damages that a capitalist way of life brings will ultimately lead to a revolution that paves the way for a socialist way of organizing resources and production. This manifest also describes the problems of a capitalist nation and how it allows the working class to suffer. Marxism inspired many political movements such as those in Russia and China. Capital: Critique of Political Economy is also one of Marx’s most notable works which states the many flaws of capitalism and its ties to workers and property rights. Capital proves to be Marx’s stance against classical economists. Classical economists were in support of capitalism and believed that people have the right to own land for their personal gain. Marx believed that people should own all the production aspects of a society collectively. Communism and capitalism do not fit together in a society and this battle of ideologiesShow MoreRelatedMarx s Manifesto Of The Communist Party Essay1933 Words   |  8 PagesKarl Marx, lived between 1818 and 1883, was a humanist, materialist, and a philosopher, not an economist, contrary to popular belief. â€Å"[†¦] a man engaged in endless internecine political and philosophical warfare† (Menand, 2016, pg. 2). 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According to the University of Dayton, â€Å"the human person is part of a larger history of life on this planet. Through technology humans have the power to have an immense effect on that life.†[ii] The people of his time found that the impact of the Industrial Revolution would further man’s success within thisRead MoreMarx And Engels : An Old Meeting Place Of Voltaire And Diderot856 Words   |  4 Pages1844, 26-year-old Karl Marx and 23-year-old Friedrich Engels met in Paris for an aperitif at the Cafà © de la Regence – an old meeting place of Voltaire and Diderot. Their ensuing discourse lasted ten intense days and resulted in a lifelong friendship. This transformative relationship is evident in the publishing of The Communist Manifesto in 1848, during a period of widespread European revolution. 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Cyber Laws in India and their Implications - 1817 Words

Cyber Laws in India and their Implications Contents Cyber space – Nature of threat 2 Growth of Internet user Population 3 The Legal Framework 4 The US and the UK Approaches for Data Protection and Privacy 4 The US 4 The UK 5 India’s Legal Framework Meets Most Requirements 5 Indian IT Act 2000 5 Indian Copyright Act 5 Indian Penal Code 5 Indian Contract Act, 1872 5 IT Act of India 2000 6 Proposed Amendments to the IT Act 8 Other Government Measures 9 Cyber space – Nature of threat Existing and potential threats in the area of cyber security are among the most critical challenges of the 21st century. Threats emanate from a wide variety of sources, and manifest themselves in disruptive activities that target individuals, businesses, national infrastructures, and governments alike. Their effects carry significant risk for public safety, the security of nations and the stability of the globally linked international community as a whole. Malicious use of information technology can easily be concealed. The origin, identity of the perpetrator, or motivation for the disruption can be difficult to ascertain. Often, the perpetrators of these activities can only be inferred from the target, the effect or other circumstantial evidence. Threat actors can operate with substantial impunity from virtually anywhere. The motives for disruption vary widely, from simply demonstrating technical prowess, to the theft of money or information, or as an extension of stateShow MoreRelatedCyber Law1506 Words   |  7 PagesCYBER LAW INTRODUCTION: Cyberlaw is a new phenomenon having emerged much after the onset of Internet. Internet grew in a completely unplanned and unregulated manner. Even the inventors of Internet could not have really anticipated the scope and far reaching consequences of cyberspace. The growth rate of cyberspace has been enormous. 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American Education Reform Paper The Education System

American Education Reform Paper In the past, the learning system was non complex. Students invariably learned in classrooms. They would learn from and be educated by their teacher and grasped other facts from textbooks. The teachers would ask them questions and students would answer them to display they understood. Other information about other parts of the world, they learned from books. Throughout the years, the learning system changed. Issues or flaws in the system were addressed and improved. Different learning systems that were superior were invented for the purpose of improving the education of students. Every time the learning system surpasses the others, the students and world’s education exceeds. The quick changes and the increase of difficulties of the current world causes new challenges and needs of improvement in our education system. The American education system in the past and present has changed because of the issues and flaws found in it, because of those issues, the students do not have the knowledge they are required to have in college or a successful career.We are realizing we have to change the way our learning system functions to fit the way the world is now. To overcome the difficulties in our learning system, we have to look at the problems and how to improve it. Any strategies we use must deal with the multiple factors that affect the education system, the influence of its part, and the complicated interdependencies within it and its environment. TheShow MoreRelatedWelfare Reform913 Words   |  4 PagesAssistance to Needy Families Post-Secondary Reform movements have been so successful. We always hear about students dropping out of college or not going to college because they can’t afford the tuition. 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Jungle Book free essay sample

Rudyard Kiplings The Jungle Book is a 1994 Disney film based on the Mowgli stories in The Jungle Book and The Second Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling, and is a live-action remake of the 1967 animated film of the same name. [3] The film stars Jason Scott Lee as Mowgli and Cary Elwes as his main adversary. It was directed by Stephen Sommers. The original music score was composed by Basil Poledouris. Contents[hide] * 1 Plot summary * 2 Cast * 2. 1 Main cast * 2. 2 Trained animals * 3 Production * 3. 1 Filming * 4 Release * 4. 1 Critical response * 4. Accolades * 5 Game * 6 External links * 7 References| [edit] Plot summary During the Victorian period, Mowgli is the five-year-old son of Nathoo, a wilderness guide, with whom he accompanies on a tour in the jungles of their native India and has Grey Brother as a pet wolf cub. Mowgli becomes close friends with a British girl named Katherine Anne Kitty Brydon, whose father, Colonel Geoffrey Brydon, commissioned the journey. When Shere Khan goe s on a rampage in the camp and kills Mowglis father and one of Colonel Brydons soldiers, the boy and the wolf are lost in the confusion and are left to fend for themselves. Bagheera finds them and leads Mowgli to the wolf pack. Mowgli is befriended by the animals of the jungle including Baloo the bear cub, and they develop an unspoken bond as the boy learns to survive. Twenty years later, the Bandar-log steal the bracelet Kitty gave Mowgli. He follows them to the ruins of an overgrown and lost city, deep in the jungle, where he meets King Louie the orangutan, who he follows in to a chamber full of vast treasure. Louie wants to add the bracelet to the treasure but agrees to give it back if Mowgli fights the great serpent Kaa and wins. Mowgli manages to defeat Kaa with a jeweled dagger he found in the temple. Kaa flees, but he is not killed. Louie returns Mowgli the bracelet, proclaiming him a hero. A little later, Mowgli once again encounters Kitty, who has returned to India with her father and her arrogant and deceitful suitor, Captain William Boone. Kitty and Mowgli recognize each other, and while his powers of speech are rusty, Kitty reintroduces Mowgli to civilization with the help of Dr. Julius Plumford and Mowgli introduces Kitty to his friends in the jungle. However, after spending most of his life in the jungle, Mowgli does not feel at home among the rude and snobbish aristocrats (especially soldiers Sgt. Harley and Lt. Wilkins) who are friends with Kittys family. He falls in love with Kitty, but he concedes to his rival for her affections, believing that he does not belong in her world. Meanwhile, Boone and his men find the jewelled dagger Mowgli used against Kaa, and they hatch a plan to get Mowgli to lead them to the treasure in Monkey City. After Mowgli refuses, they attempt to capture him but fail thanks to Baloos intervention. Baloo is shot in the process, and Mowgli rushes back to Kittys home to find Dr. Plumford; however, the butler informs him that Kitty and Plumford are going back to England. Mowgli finds Kitty and the others just as Boones men, led by Buldeo and Tabaqui (two of Boones porters), ambush and attack them. Geoffrey is shot and wounded, and abducted along with Kitty. Mowgli saves Plumford and asks him to return the favour by helping Baloo. Mowgli catches up with Boones men and agrees to escort them to Monkey City in exchange for Kitty and Geoffreys safety. The next morning, while the troupe is still searching for the treasure, Harley sinks in quicksand, Tabaqui falls off a cliff, and Wilkins is chased down by Shere Khan. Eventually, only Mowgli, Kitty, Boone and Buldeo make it to Monkey City. As the three enter the ancient ruins, Buldeo attempts to shoot Mowgli and chases him into a crypt but accidentally sets off a booby trap that buries him alive. In the end, only Mowgli, Kitty and Boone reach the treasure alive. Boone, no longer needing Mowgli, attempts to kill him, but the two fight and Boone loses. Mowgli and Kitty flee the temple, as Boone starts to pocket all the gold he can find. Kaa suddenly appears and scares Boone into falling into the water below them. While Boone is underwater, he notices a few skeletons of people whom Kaa had possibly killed in the past. Boone joins them when he is bitten and killed by Kaa. Shere Khan confronts Mowgli and Kitty as they exit. Khan still does not trust Mowgli, and the two stare at each other a long time before Khan is stared down and leaves in submission the fulfillment of a dream Mowgli had in the beginning of the story, where he, already a half-tiger in spirit, would stare Shere Khan eye to eye and become a whole tiger, Khan recognising in Mowgli another creature of the jungle. Mowgli and Kitty reunite with their friends and family, including Geoffrey and Baloo, both cured by Plumford. Kitty and Mowgli are now together. They share a passionate kiss by a waterfall. edit] Cast [edit] Main cast * Jason Scott Lee Mowgli * Cary Elwes Captain William Boone * Lena Headey Katherine Kitty Brydon * Sam Neill Colonel Geoffrey Brydon * John Cleese Dr. Julius Plumford[4] * Jason Flemyng Lt. John Wilkins * Ron Donachie Sgt. Harley * Sean Naegeli Mowgli, age 5 * Joanna Wolff Kitty Brydon, age 5 * Stefan Kalipha Buldeo * Anirudh Agarwal Tabaqui * Liza Walke r Alice * Rachel Robertson Rose * Natalie Morse Margareta [edit] Trained animals * Baloo Casey * Bagheera Shadow * Grey Brother Shannon * King Louie Lowell * Shere Khan Bombay

Neuromotor IEP free essay sample

Neuromotor IEP Several important factors will be addressed within the body of this essay. The first gives the definition of exactly what Neuromotor IEP is. Neuromotor ability is defined as a condition that; has been caused by some serve damage to the central nervous system which; includes the brain and the spinal cord. The author has chosen a specific student for the purpose of this essay, one who has suffered from a traumatic brain injury and the results of that injury. In addition the author will address and include specific issues that; surround the disability and the design and evaluation of an appropriate individualized educational goal. Included and addressed as stated above are the following: an appropriate individualized educational goal to meet the needs of the student(s). Also an analytical discussion of the type of injury and what are the specific disabilities. Next, what are the salient complications, as a result of the injury, also, what are the financial effects and assistance in the educational system? We will conclude with, what are the treatment options and rehabilitation? The Student: Antonio is a typical 12 year boy, who likes video games, playing basketball and baseball at school. Antonio has green eyes, jet-black hair and comes from a pretty good family, two older brothers and one sister. They all attend the same school. When Antonio was seven, one day while playing baseball at school, he was struck in the head with a line drive pitch from another student. He wasn’t knocked unconscious but; the ball hit him pretty hard and left a large bump on his head. The teacher at school called 911 and then immediately called the principal and called Antonio’s parents, to tell them about the incident and that, the school was taking him to the hospital to be seen for his injury. The parents (as any parent would), went into a panic and rushed to the hospital, to find Antonio laughing with his doctor and telling him he was fine. After seeing their son in good spirits, they became a little more at ease with the situation. The doctor informed them that; Antonio suffered a mild concussion and that he should be watched for the next 24 to 48 hours, (standard procedure), and that they were free to take him home. When Antonio turned nine he began having seizures, his parents took him to see his doctor but; he could find no cause for the seizures. He sent the parents and Antonio home with some Depakote which was an anti-seizure medication for children. As Antonio got older the seizure became more frequent. Finally the parents took him to see a neurologist and one whose specialty was seizures in children. He noticed that Antonio had a small knot under his skin. The doctor asked the parents if Antonio had ever been in an accident, the parents thought for a while, and then they recalled the incident the happened to him when he was seven. After explaining to the doctor about Antonio being hit in the head with a baseball, the doctor attributed the seizures from him being hit with that baseball. When the parents asked why would he (Antonio), start having these seizures now, the doctor replied â€Å"frankly no one knows† sometimes some people would not have them and some do, it is really is unexplainable. The parents asked the doctor one last question which was; â€Å"would he have these for the rest of his life†? The doctor responded with; we’ll have to wait and see, his brain could potentially heal all on its own, and he could never have another seizure but right now, there is no way to know. Appropriate Individualized Educational Goal: Strategy Curriculum Adaptation: Because the student suffers from seizures, his activities should now be focus more on recognition, this helps the student(s) because; they/he now suffer memory loss as a result from the seizures. Language Arts: Teachers can use an organizer, programs such as using the internet, which displays things such as plots, and most times the settings in books for selected reading. Using the internet, the teacher can have the student participate by, using a fill-in-the-blank worksheet on information he or she is reading. Later the information obtained, can be written down on flash cards, and the student can use these cards to re-tell the story. This will help in the recalling of information obtained by the student. One thing that is important to remember is that; a students who suffers from seizures can often times have headaches, so it is wise as to not to push the student too hard, when it comes to remembering information obtained. Math: Math is one of the most important subject(s) any student will learn over the course of their school age years. Throw out the traditional ways of retaining information when it comes to teaching math. Help the student by, giving the formulas they will need to learn new concepts. Provide the student with an adding machine or calculator, this will help in the problem solving area and will give the student a visual reference that they can use. Help the student by designing a work journal also, it may help to also provide some of the most simple and basic problems. Be supportive when using new concepts to new problems, especially when your student suffers from headaches caused by the seizures and having problems recalling information. Memory Retention: Use word games and visual aids, something that may be familiar to the student, this is an effective way to strengthen the student ability to retain any information. Design flash cards with names, and items that can easily be recalled, such as family photos, household items, things that are of interest and things that will not place a strain on the student’s brain, as sometimes too much information can trigger and episode. This is done because there are many things that, can often lead to a student having a seizure, they (seizures), are very complex and sometimes are hard to diagnose. The Type of Injury: In many cases, the brain will make an attempt to fix itself after being struck in the head with a baseball or any other object which, later can inadvertently cause the generation of abnormal nerve connections that can cause seizures/epilepsy. Our student Antonio was struck in the head with a line-drive pitch. Specific Disabilities: Seizures To start, Seizures or the medical term (Epilepsy), as defined by Medicine Journal, is a very complex disorder with many causes. Anything that causes disruption to the patterns of the neuron activity from illnesses, to brain damage and to an abnormal brain development can lead to seizures/epilepsy. Epilepsy may be developed usually because of an abnormality in the brain. However recent studies have shown that; epilepsy can also be caused by a blow to the head causing an imbalance in the neurotransmitters. The Salient Complications: Having a seizure at certain times can lead to situations that; can be dangers to yourself or the people around you. If a person were to fall in the act of having a seizure, or an (â€Å"epileptic fit† another word for seizure), they can breaks bones, or cause more damage to their brain and skull, or even die from choking as a result of the seizure or epileptic episode. Another complication of seizures would be drowning. If one were to have a seizure during a normal routine let us say, a swimming exercise, they would be 15 times more likely to drown while in pool or even in a bathtub. Another complication that comes with having a seizure/epilepsy is if; one operates a motor vehicle and has an episode while driving, not only can that person cause sometimes great bodily harm to him or herself but; they could potentially kill someone else in the act of having a seizure. Financial Effects: One of the financial effects of seizures is the diminished quality of one’s life, especially because the seizures are so unpredictable in nature. Having seizures usually impose a great psychological restriction on the quality of one’s life as well. In the end, it can also cause a great effect on the person themselves, and family, who may have to share in the cost of the damage that seizures can cause up to and sometimes including transportation, or even the loss of employment. Assistance in the Educational System: (410 ILCS 413/10) Sec. 10. Duties of the Department. Subject to the availability of funds for these purposes, the Department of Public Health shall: (1) Assist in the development of programs for the care and treatment of persons suffering from epilepsy. (2) Institute and carry on a statewide educational initiative among health care professionals, teachers, and school administers public health departments, and families, including the dissemination of information and the conducting of educational programs to assist in the early recognition and referral of persons for appropriate follow up and treatment. (3) Develop standards for determining eligibility for care and treatment under this program. Among other standards so developed under this paragraph, candidates, to be eligible, must be referred and evaluated by a program properly staffed and affiliated with a national epilepsy program. (4) Extend assistance to the programs listed in item (2) in order to facilitate linkages for persons with epilepsy through the following: (i) referral and evaluation for appropriate care management and treatment; and (ii) diagnosis and treatment by epileptologists and the Epilepsy Foundation. (Source: P. A. 94-73, eff. 6-23-05. ) Treatment Options: There are some treatment options for those who have been affected by seizures. Once a person has had a seizure, it is vital to get diagnosed as soon as possible. Seizures/Epilepsy can be controlled with medications and often times with a surgical procedure. There are some drugs that will work better than others however; this will largely depend on the type of seizure. While some medication may control seizures, they are not often the solution, for those persons who suffer from seizures/epilepsy, they will want to seek the specialty of a neurologist who, is and has been specifically trained to treat epilepsy/seizures. Rehabilitation: There are many programs with many health care providers, whose jobs are to help individuals achieve the goal of living a happy, normal and meaningful life and to achieve seizure freedom and control. In accomplishing this most times adults can return to work and children can return to school, and have an overall better quality of life they seek. There are still hurdles to overcome for these same health care providers and professionals and those who suffer from seizures. The end goal is to have people who suffer from seizures/epilepsy get back to everything from returning to work to having an increased and independent life. Conclusion: As we have read and come to see and one hopes to understand, there is far more to Seizures/Epilepsy than meets the eye. The vast amount of information goes on and on. According to recent studies, 1 in 26 People in the United States will develop epilepsy at some time in their life, that is a whapping estimated 60 million people! While there are many treatments for this disorder, often time’s surgery may be the only cure however; there are many scientist, and doctors who have dedicated their entire lives to help combat this disorder, so if you are one of those 60 million in the United States, have hope help is on the way.